G L O S S A R Y

A / B / C / D / E / F / G / H / I / J / K / L / M / N / O / P / Q / R / S / T / U / V / W / X / Y / Z

A

archival paper: Alternate term for acid-free paper.

archive: Cache of documents and files saved for possible use in later jobs.

A sizes ISO: paper sizes.for standard trim sizes on products that don't involve bleeds or trimming outside edges.

A4 paper: ISO paper size 210mmX297mm used for letterhead.

acid-free paper: Paper made from pulp containing little or no acid so it resists deterioration from age. Also called archival paper.

additive color: Color produced by light falling onto a surface. The additive primary colors are red, green and blue.

advertising specialties: Items such asacalendars, coffee cups, hats, matchbooks and pencils printed with advertising.

against the grain: At right angles to the grain direction of the paper being used. Also called across the grain and cross grain.

allocation: Quantity of a product, such as a brand of paper, that is rationed to distributors and customers until a specified date.

alteration: Any change made by the customer after sending files to the printer.

anti-offset powder: Fine powder lightly sprayed over the printed surface of coated paper as sheets leave a press.

antique finish: Roughest finish offered on offset paper.

application: Computer program used for specific tasks such as word processing, editing photographs or laying out pages.

aqueous coating: Coating in a water base and applied like ink by a printing press to protect and enhance the printing underneath.

B

B sizes: ISO paper sizes about 18 percent bigger than A sizes for printing large items such as charts, maps and posters.

backup: Printing on one side of a page that must align correctly with printing on the other side.

basic size: The standard size of sheets of paper used to calculate basis weight in the U.S. and Canada.

basis weight: In the U.S. and Canada, the weight, in pounds, of a ream (500 sheets) of paper cut to the basic size. Also called ream weight and substance weight (sub weight). In countries using ISO paper sizes, the weight, in grams, of one square meter of paper. Also called grammage and ream weight.

bible paper: Very thin, opaque paper used for products such as bibles and dictionaries. Also called India paper.

bit: Smallest unit of information used by a computer.

bitmap: Computer image consisting of pixels or halftone dots.

black point: Reference point defining the darkest area in an image.

blade coating: Method of coating paper that ensures a relatively thick covering and level surface, as compared to film coating. Also called knife coating. Gloss, dull and matte papers are blade coated.

blanket: Rubber-coated pad, mounted on a cylinder of an offset press, that receives the inked image from the plate and transfers it to the surface to be printed.

bleed: Printing that extends to the edge of a sheet or page after trimming.

blueline: Prepress proof where all colors show as blue images on white paper. Blueline is a generic term for proofs made from a variety of materials having similar appearances that may also be called blueprint, position proof, silverprint, Dylux and VanDyke.

board paper: General term for paper over 110# index, 80# cover, or 200 gsm that is commonly used for products such as file folders, displays and postcards. Also called paperboard.

body stock: Paper on which the text or main part of a publication is printed, as compared to cover stock.

bond paper: Category of paper used for writing, printing and photo~opying. Also called business paper, communication paper and writing paper.

book paper: Category of paper suitable for books, magazines, catalogs, advertising and general printing needs. Book paper is divided into uncoated paper (also called offset paper) and coated paper (also called art paper, enamel paper, gloss paper and slick paper).

brightness: Measure of light reflected from paper.

bristolpaper: General term referring to paper six points or thicker with basis weight between 90# and 200# (200-500 gsm). Used for products such as index cards, file folders and displays.

broke: Trimmings, defective sheets, and other imprinted paper collected at the mill and from converters and printers. Broke is preconsumer waste that mills recycle back into pulp.

broken carton: Carton of paper from which some of the sheets have been sold. Also called less carton.

build a color: To overlap two or more screen tints to create a new color. Such an overlap is called a build, color build or tint build.

bulk: Thickness of paper relative to its basis weight.

bulking dummy: Dummy assembled from the actual paper specified for a printing job.

burn: To expose a printing plate to light.

burst perfect bind: To bind by forcing glue into notches along the spines of gathered signatures before affixing a paper cover. Also called burst bind, notch bind and slotted bind.

buy out: To subcontract for a service that is closely related to the business of the organization. Also called farm out. Work that is bought out is called outsourced or referred to as being out of house.

byte: Unit of computer memory consisting of eight bits.

C

C sizes: ISO paper sizes with correct dimensions to make folders and envelopes for products trimmed to A sizes.

ClS and C2S: Abbreviations for coated one side and coated two sides.

calender: To make the sufface of paper smooth by pressing it between rollers during manufacture.

caliper: Thickness of paper or other substrate expressed in thousandths of an inch (mils of points), pages per inch (ppi), thousandths of a millimeter (microns) or pages per centimeter (ppc).

camera-ready copy: Mechanicals, photographs and art that are fully prepared for reproduction according to the technical requirements of the printing process being used.

carload: Selling unit of paper that may weigh anywhere from 20,000 to 100,000 pounds (9,090 to 45,454 kilos), depending on which mill or merchant uses the term. Abbreviated CL.

carton: Selling unit of paper weighing approximately 150 pounds (60 kilos). A carton can contain anywhere from 500 to 5,000 sheets, depending on the size of sheets and their basis weight.

case: Covers and spine that, as a unit, enclose the pages of a casebound book.

case bind: To bind using glue to hold signatures to a case made of binder board covered with fabric, plastic or leather. Also called cloth bind, edition bind and hard bind.

cast-coated paper: High-gloss, coated paper made by pressing the paper against a polished, hot, metal drum while the coating is still wet.

catalog paper: Coated paper rated #4 or #5 with basis weight from 35# to 50# (50 to 75 gsm) commonly used for catalogs and magazines.

CCD: Abbreviation for charged coupled device such as a camera or scanner that uses arrays of photocells to capture images.

change order: Alternate term for alteration.

chipboard: Solid (not corrugated) cardboard.

choke: Technique of slightly reducing the size of an image to create a hairline trap or to outline. Also called shrink and skinny.

chroma: Strength of a color as compared to how close it seems to neutral gray. Also called depth, intensity, purity and saturation.

CIE: Abbreviation for Commission International de I'Eclairage, the organization that developed color standards used in PostScript and other software.

clean color: Subjective term meaning vivid or pure.

CMYK: Abbreviation for cyan, magenta, yellow and key (black), the process colors.

coatedpaper: Paper with a coating of clay and other substances that improves reflectivity and ink holdout.

cockle finish: Slightly puckered surface on bond paper.

collateral: Printed pieces, such as newsletters and brochures, that support or supplement display or broadcast advertising.

color balance: Refers to amounts of process colors that simulate the colors of the original scene or photograph.

color break: In multicolor printing, the point, line or space at which one ink color stops and another begins.

color cast: Unwanted color affecting an entire image.

color controlbar: Strip of small blocks of color on a proof or press sheet to help evaluate features such as density and dot gain.

color correct: To adjust the relationship among the process colors to achieve desirable colors.

color curves: Instructions in software that allow users to change or correct colors. Also called HLS and HVS tables.

color gamut: The entire range of hues possible to reproduce using a specific device or process.

color matching system: System of numbered ink swatches that facilitates communication about color.

color model: Way of categorizing and describing the infinite array of colors found in nature.

color separation: 1. Technique of using a camera, scanner or computer to divide continuoustone color images into four halftone negatives. 2. The film, proof or printed product resulting from color separating.

color sequence: Order in which inks are printed. With process colors, the sheetfed sequence is often black first, then magenta, cyan, and yellow last. The web sequence is often cyan, magenta, yellow, with black either first or last. Also called laydown sequence and rotation.

color shift: Change in image color resulting from changes in register, ink densities or dot gain.

comb bind: To blind by inserting the teeth of a flexible plastic comb through holes punched along the edge of a stack of paper. Also called GBC bind.

commercial match: Acceptable difference between the color on a sample of ink or paper, or the color on a proof, and the color achieved on press.

commercial printer: Printer producing a wide range of products such brochures, posters, booklets, stationery and business forms. Also called job printer because each job is different.

commercial register: Informal trade recognition that acceptable quality allows slight variation of register throughout the press run.

commodity: Refers to paper or printing produced quickly and in high volumes, thus relatively inexpensive.

composite proof: Proof of halftones and separations in position with graphics and type.

composition: The arrangement of type, graphics and other elements on the page.

comprehensive dummy: Simulation of a printed piece complete with type, graphics and colors. Abbreviated comp.

compressed files: Files with nonessential data deleted to make them easier to store and transmit.

condition: To keep paper in the pressroom for a few hours or days before printing so that its moisture level and temperature equal that in the pressroom. Also called cure, mature and season.

continuous-tone copy: All photographs and those illustrations having a range of shades not made up of dots. Abbreviated contone.

contract Proof: Any proof that the customer considers final.

converter: Business that makes products such as boxes, bags, envelopes and displays.

cool colors: Blues, greens and browns.

corrugated board: Board made by sandwiching fluted kraft paper between sheets of paper or cardboard. Used for making boxes.

coverpaper: Category of thick paper used for products such as posters, menus, folders and covers of paperback books.

creep: Phenomenon of middle pages of a folded signature extending slightly beyond outside pages. Also called feathering, outpush, push out and thrust.

crop marks: Lines near the edges of an image indicating portions to be reproduced. Also called cut marks and tic marks.

crossover: Type of art that continues from one page of a book or magazine across the gutter to the opposite page. Also called bridge and gutter jump.

customer service representative: Employee of a printer who coordinates projects and keeps customers informed. Abbreviated CSR.

cutoff: Circumference of the impression cylinder of a web press, therefore also the length of the printed sheet that the press cuts from the roll of paper.

cut sizes: Paper sizes used with office machines and small presses.

CWT: Abbreviation for hundredweight using the Roman numeral C=100.

cyan: One of the four process colors.

D

DCS: Abbreviation for desktop color separation, a format for four PostScript files for a color image.

dandy roll: Wire-mesh drum on a papermaking machine that presses watermarks and surface patterns into paper while it is still 90 percent water.

deboss: To press an image into paper so it lies below the surface.

deckle edge: Edge of paper left ragged as it comes from the papermaking machine instead of being cleanly cut. Also called feather edge.

densitometer: Device used to measure light reflected or transmitted from paper or film.

density: 1. Regarding ink, the relative thickness of a layer of printed ink. 2. Regarding color, the relative ability of a color to absorb light reflected from it or block light passing through it.

device independent colors: Hues identified by wavelength or by their place in systems such as those developed by CIE. 'Device independent' means a color can be described and specified regardless of how it is reproduced.

die cut: To cut irregular shapes in paper or paperboard using a die.

digital camera: Camera that captures images using CCDs, not,film.

digital plate: Plate burned from a computer file, not film.

display type: Type larger than 14 points.

Dmax l Dmin: The points of maximum/minimum density in an image or that a device can capture.

doctor blade: Flexible metal strip on a gravure press that controls the thickness of ink.

dot area: Refers to the percentage of ink coverage that a screen tint allows to print. Also called screen percentage.

dot gain: Phenomenon of halftone dots printing larger on paper than they are on films or plates.

dots-per-inch: Measure of resolution of input devices such as scanners and output devices such as laser printers and imagesetters. Abbreviated dpi.

double black duotone: Duotone printed from two halftones, one exposed for highlights and the other exposed for midtones and shadows.

double burn: To burn a plate twice to different negatives or files and thus create a composite image.

doubling: Printing flaw created by slight bounce of blanket against paper.

drawdown: Sample of inks specified for a job applied to the substrate specified for a job. Also called pulldown.

drop out: Halftone dots or fine lines eliminated from highlights by overexposure during camera work. The lost copy is said to have dropped out.

dry trap: To print over dry ink, as compared to wet trap.

dual-purpose bond paper: Bond paper suitable for printing by either lithography (offset) or xerography (photocopy). Abbreviated DP bond paper.

dullfinish: Flat (not glossy) finish on coated paper; slightly smoother than matte. Also called suede and velvet.

dummy: Simulation of the final product. Also called mock-up.

duotone: Black and white lihotograph reproduced using two halftone negatives, each shot to emphasize different tonal values in the original.

duplex paper: Thick paper made by pasting together two thinner sheets, usually of different colors. Also called double-faced paper and twotone paper.

duplicator: Offset press made for quick printing.

Dylux: Brand name for photographic paper used to make blueline proofs. Often used as alternate term for blueline.

dynamic range: Practical limit of a scanner or press to capture or reproduce an image.

E

emboss: To press an image into paper so it lies above the surface. Also called cameo and tool.

emulsion: Coating of light-sensitive chemicals on papers, films, printing plates and stencils.

emulsion downl

emulsion up: Film whose emulsion side faces down (away from the viewer) or up (toward the viewer) when ready to make a plate or sten6l. Abbreviated ED/EU. Also called E up/down and face down/face up.

encapsulated PostScript file: Computer file containing both images and PostScript commands. Abbreviated EPS.

end sheet: Sheet that attaches the inside pages of a case bound book to its cover.

English finish: Smooth finish on uncoated book paper; smoother than eggshell, rougher than smooth.

engraving: Printing method using a plate, also called a die, with an image cut into its surface.

ep: Abbreviation for envelope.

EPS: Abbreviation for encapsulated PostScript.

equivalent paper: Paper that is not the brand specified, but looks, prints, and may cost the same.

estimate: Price that states what a job will probably cost. Also called bid, quotation and tender.

eye markers: In flexography, color control images consisting of small squares of process color printed outside of image areas.

F

fair use: Concept in copyright law allowing,without permission from copyright holder, short quotations from a copyrighted product for purposes of reviewing or teaching.

feeding unit: Component of a printing press that moves paper into the register unit.

felt finish: Soft woven pattern in text paper.

feltside: Side of the paper that does not make contact with the Fourdrinier wire during papermaking.

fifth color: Spot color run in addition to process colors.

film coating: Method of coating paper that leaves a relatively thin covering and rough surface, as compared to blade coating.

finepapers: Papers made specifically for writing and printing.

finish: 1. Surface characteristics of paper. 2. General term for trimming, folding, binding and all other postpress operations.

fixed: costs Costs that remain the same regardless of how many pieces are printed.

flat color: Alternate term for spot color.

flat: Stripped film ready for platemaking.

flexography: Method of printing on a webpress using rubber or soft plastic plates with raised images. Also called aniline printing. Abbreviated
flexo.

flood: To print a sheet completely with an inkor varnish.

foil stamp: Method of printing that releases foil from its backing when stamped with the heated die. Also called block print.

font: Complete assortment of uppercase and lowercase characters, numerals, punctuation and other symbols of one typeface.

form: Each side of a signature. Also spelled forme.

form web: Press using rolls 81/2" to 10" wide to print business forms, direct mailers, catalog sheets, stationery and other products whose flat size is typically 8V2" X 1 V.

format: Size, style, shape, layout or organization of a layout or printed product.

form bond: Lightweight bond made for business forms. Also called register bond.

formula pricing: Prices shown on a grid or spreadsheet.

for position only: Refers to inexpensive or low resolution images used to indicate placement and scaling, but not intended for reproduction. Abbreviated FPO.

fountain solution: Mixture of water and chemicals that dampens a printing plate to prevent ink from adhering to the non-image area. Also called dampener solution.

four-color process printing: Technique of printing that uses black, magenta, cyan and yellow to simulate full- color images. Also called color process printing.

Fourdrinier machine: Machine used to make paper by catching furnish on a wire called a Fourdrinier wire.

FPO: Abbreviation for the term for position only.

free sheet: Paper made from cooked wood fibers mixed with chemicals and washed free of impu rities. Also called woodfree paper.

full web: Press using use rolls 35" to 40" wide to print sixteen-page signatures whose flat size is typically 23" X 35". Also called sixteen-page web.

furnish: Mixture of fibers, water, dyes, and chemicals poured from the headbox onto the Fourdrinier wire of a papermaking machine. Also called slurry and stock.

G

gang: 1. To halftone or separate more than one image in only one exposure. 2. To reproduce two or more different printed products simultaneously on one sheet of paper during one press run. Also called combination run.

gathered: Signatures assembled next to each other in the proper sequence for binding. Also called stacked.

GCR: Abbreviation for gray compenent replacement.

ghosting: 1. Phenomenon of a faint image appearing on a printed sheet where it was not intended to appear. 2. Phenomenon of printed image appearing too light because of ink starvation.

gloss finish: Shiny finish on photographic paper or coated printing paper.

GRACOL: Abbreviation for General Requirements and Npplications for Commercial Offset Lithography.

grade: General term used to distinguish among printing papers, but whose specific meaning depends on context. Grade can refer to the category, class, rating, finish or brand of paper.

graduated screen tint: Screen tint that changes densities gradually and smoothly, not in distinct steps. Also called degrade, gradient, ramped screen and vignette.

grain direction: Predominant direction in which fibers in paper become aligned during manufacturing. Also called machine direction.

grain long 1short paper: Paper whose fibers run parallel to the long/short dimension of the sheet.

grammage: Basis weight of paper expressed in grams per square meter (gsm).

graphic arts: The crafts, industries and professions related to designing and printing on paper and other substrates.

graphic design: Arrangement of type and visual elements along with specifications for paper, ink colors and printing processes that, when combined, convey a visual message.

gravure: Method of printing using metal cylinders etched with millions of tiny wells that hold ink.

gray balance: Printed cyan, magenta and yellow halftone dots that accurately reproduce a neutral gray image.

gray component replacement: Technique of replacing gray tones in the yellow, cyan and mavpeata ffies with btack. Abbreviated GGR~

gray levels: Number of distinct gray tones that can be captured by a scanner or reproduced by an output device.

gray scale: Strip of gray values, ranging from white to black, used to calibrate exposure times for film and plates. Also called step wedge.

gripper edge: Edge of a sheet held by grippers on a sheetfed press, thus going first through the press. Also called feeding edge and leading edge.

groundwood paper: Newsprint and other inexpensive paper made from pulp created when wood chips are ground mechanically rather than refined chemically.

H

hairline: Subjective term referring to very small space, thin line or close register.

half web: Press using rolls 17" to 20" wide to print eight-page signatures whose flat size is typically 17" X 22".

halftone: A photograph or continuous-tone illustration that has been converted to dots for reproduction.

hard copylproof: Type and images on paper or proofing material.

heat-set web: Web press equipped with an oven to dry ink, thus able to print coated paper.

hickey: Spot or imperfection in printing, most visible irr areas of heavy ink coverage, caused by dirt on the plate or blanket.

high-fidelity: color Color reproduced using six, eight or twelve separations.

high-key photo: Photo whose most important details appear in the highlights.

highlights: Lightest portions of an image.

histogram: Vertical bar chart showing tonal range in an image.

HLS: Abbreviation for hue, lightness, saturation. Also called HVS.

holography: Printing method using a laser to emboss images precisely overlaying each other on

house sheet: Paper kept in stock by a printer and suitable for a wide variety of printing jobs. Also called floor sheet. hue A specific color such as yellow or green. hundredweight 100 pounds in North America, 112 pounds in the United Kingdom. Abbreviated CWT.

I

imagesetter: Laser device for outputting film or plates.

image trap: Slight overlapping of images to ensure they appear registered.

guillotine cutter: Large cutting machine whose blade trims paper evenly across a stack of imposition Arrangement of pages so they will sheets. The blade is brought down from above, appear in proper sequence after press sheets are hence the term "guillotine." folded and bound.

impression: 1. Referring to. an ink color, one impression equals one press sheet passing once through a printing unit. 2. Referring to the speed of a press, one impression equals one press sheet passing once through the press.

impression cylinder: Cylinder, on a press, that pushes paper against the plate or blanket, thus forming the image

impressions per hour: Measure of speed of a printing press. Abbreviated iph.

imprint: To print new copy on a previously printed sheet, such as imprinting an employee's name on business cards. Also called surprint.

ink balance: Relationship of the densities and dot gains of process inks to each other and to a standard density of neutral gray.

ink fountain: Reservoir, on a printing press, that holds ink.

ink holdout: Characteristic of paper that prevents it from absorbing ink, thus allowing ink to dry on the surface of the paper. Also called holdout.

ink-jetprinting: Method of printing by spraying droplets of ink through computer-controlled nozzles.

ink trap: Ink printed over a previously printed image.

in-plant printer: Department of an agency, business or association that does printing for a parent organization. Also called captive printer and in-house printer.

integral proof: Color proof of separations shown on one piece of proofing paper. Also called laminate proof.

interpolation: Increasing input resolution by using software to create new pixels based on the nature of neighboring pixels.

ISO sizes: Metric paper sizes.

J

job lot paper: Paper thAt didn't meet specifications when produced, has been discontinued, or for other reasons is no longer considered first quality.

job ticket: Form used to specify the production schedule of a job and the materials and processes it needs. Also called docket, production order and work order.

JPEG: Abbreviation for Joint Photographic Experts Group.

K

Kelvin: System for expressing the temperature of light.

kerning: Adjusting space between pairs of letters to make them appear better fitted.

keylines: Lines on a mechanical or negative showing the exact size, shape and location of photographs or other graphic elements. Also called holding lines.

kiss die cut: Die cut through face materials but not backing.

knockout: Alternate term for reverse.

kraft paper: Strong paper used for wrapping and to make grocery bags and large envelopes.

L

laid finish: Finish on bond or text paper on which grids of parallel lines simulate the surface of handmade paper.

lap: Edge of a signature that a machine grips during binding operations.

laser: Acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation; very intense light that'can be precisely focused.

laser bond: Bond paper made especially smooth and dry to run well through laser printers.

laser-imprintable ink: ink that will not fade or blister as the paper on which it is printed is used in a laser printer.

lay-flat bind: Method of perfect binding that allows a publication to lie fully open.

leading: Amount of space between lines of type.

ledger paper: Strong, smooth bond paper used for keeping business records. Ledger paper is usually sub 28 or 32. Also called record paper.

legacy materials: Art, film or files from previous print jobs for incorporating into a new job.

legal paper: North American term for bond paper trimmed to 81/2" X 14" sheets.

legible: Referring to type having sufficient contrast with its ba6kground that readers can easily perceive the characters.

letter paper: In North America, 81/2" X 11" sheets. In Europe, A4 sheets.

letterpress: Method of printing from metal type and other raised surfaces. Also called block printing.

lettershop: Alternate term for mailing service.

letterspacing: Distance between individual letters. See also kerning and tracking.

lightweight paper: Book paper with basis weight less than 40# (60 gsm).

line copy: Any high-contrast image, including type.

linen finish: Embossed finish on text paper that simulates the pattern of linen cloth.

lithography: Method of printing using plates whose image areas attract ink and whose nonimage areas repel ink. Non-image areas may be coated with water to repel the oily ink or may have a surface, such as silicon, that repels ink.

long run: Relatively large quantity to print in relation to the size and speed of press used.

looseproof: Proof of a halftone or color separation that is not assembled with other elements from a page. Also called first proof, random proof, scatter proof and show-color proof.

low-key photo: Photo whose most important details appear in the shadows.

lpi / lpcm: Lines per inch/centimeter, unit of measurement for the size of halftone dots.

M

M weight: Weight of 1,000 sheets of paper in any specific size.

magenta: One of the four process colors.

mailing service: Business that addresses, sorts and bundles mailings according to USPS standards.

makeready: 1. All activities required to prepare a press or other machine for a specific printing or bindery job. Also called setup. 2. Paper used in the makeready process at any stage in production.

making order: Order for paper that a mill makes to the customer's specifications.

mark up: To add a percentage to the cost of goods or services obtained for a customer.

matte finish: Flat (not glossy) finish on photographic paper or coated printing paper.

measured photography: Technique of exposing original photos to place critical details within the tonal range of the printing process.

mechanical: Camera-ready assembly of type, graphics and other copy complete with instructions to the printer. Also called an artboard and pasteup.

metamerism: Phenomenon of color appearing different under difference light sources.

midtones: Tones created by halftone dots between 30 percent and 70 percent of coverage.

mill order: Order for paper that will be filled from inventory at a mill, not inventory at a paper merchant.

mini web: Press using rolls I I"X 14" wide to print brochures, newsletters and other products whose flat size is typically 11" X 17".

mock-up: Alternate term for dummy.

modem: Device for transmitting digital data over analog telephone lines.

moire: Undesirable pattern resulting when halftones and screen tints are made with improperly aligned screens, or when a pattern in a photo, such as a plaid, interferes with a halftone dot pattern.

mottle: Spotty, uneven ink absorption. Also called sinkage. A mottled image may be called mealy.

multicolor printing: Printing in more than one ink color (but not four-color process). Also called polychrome printing.

N
native file: File still in the application in which it was originally created.

natural color: Very light brown color of paper. May also be called antique, cream, ivory, off-white or mellow white.

NCR paper: Abbreviation for No Carbon Required paper, a brand name for carbonless paper.

nested: Signatures assembed inside one another in the proper sequence for binding. Also called inset.

neutral gray: Gray with no hue or cast.

non-heatset web: Web press without a drying oven, thus not able to print on coated paper. Also called cold-set web and open web.

O

object-oriented image: Alternate term for vector image.

off-shore sheet: Term used in the United States and Canada for paper made overseas.

Offset printing: Printing technique that transfers ink from a plate to a blanket to paper instead of directly from a plate to paper.

opacity: 1. Characteristic of paper that prevents printing on one side from showing through to the other. 2. Characteristic of ink that prevents the substrate from showing through.

outsource: To buy a service from an outside vendor rather than performing the service in house.

overlay proof: Color proof consisting of clear plastic sheets laid on top of each other with their images in register. Also called layered proof.

overrun: Quantity printing delivered that is more than the quantity ordered.

overprint: To print one image over a previously printed image, such as printing type over a screen tint. Also called surprint.

P

page: One side of a leaf in a publication.

page count: Total number of pages that a publication has. Also called extent.

page proof: Proof of type and graphics as they will look on the finished page complete with elements such as headings, rules and folios.

panel: One page of a brochure, such as one panel of a rack brochure. One panel is on one side of the paper. A letter-folded sheet has six panels.

parent sheet: Any sheet larger than 11"X 17" or A3.

pass: One complete sequence of activities, such as a pass through a manuscript to check spelling or a pass through a press to lay down varnish.

pasteup: To paste copy to mounting boards and, if necessary, to overlays so it is assembled into a camera-ready mechanical. The mechanical produced is often called a'pasteup.

post-consumer waste: Paper that has been printed and returned to a paper mill instead of going into a landfill.

PostScript: Software that controls desktop printers and imagesetters.

ppi l ppcm: Pixels per inch/centimeter, unit of measurement for input resolution and display on monitors.

Q

quality: Subjective term relating to expectations by the customer, printer and other professionals associated with a printing job and whether the job meets those expectations.

quarter tones: Tones between shadows and midtones (3/4 tones) and between highlight and midtones (1/4 tones).

quick printing: Printing using small sheetfed presses and cut sizes of bond and offset paper.

quotation: Price offered by a printer to produce a specific job.

R

raster image processor: Computer that converts files to bitmapped images ready to output on a imagesetter.

readable: Characteristic of printed messages that are easy to read and understand.

reader spread: Files prepared in two-page spreads as readers would see the pages.

ream: 500 sheets of paper.

ream marked: Sheets of paper in a carton or on a skid with markers placed every 500th sheet.

recycled paper: New paper made entirely or in part from old paper.

reflective copy: Products, such as fabrics, illustrations and photographic prints, viewed by light reflected from them.

register: To place printing properly with regard to the edges of paper and other printing on the same sheet. Such printing is said to be "in register."

register marks: Cross-hair lines on mechanicals and film that help keep flats, plates and printing in register. Also called crossmarks and position marks.

repeatability: Ability of a device, such as an imagesetter, to produce film or plates which yield images in register.

reprographics: General term for xerography, diazo, and other methods of copying used by designers, engineers, architects, or for general office use.

resolution: Ability of a device to record or reproduce a sharp image.

reverse: Type and images reproduced by printing ink around their outline, thus allowing the underlying colorlof paper to show through and form the image. Also called knockout.

RGB: Abbreviation for red, green and blue, the additive primary colors.

RIP: Abbreviation for raster image processor.

roman type: Style considered normal for a given typeface.

rule: Line used as a graphic element to separate or organize copy.

ruleup: Map or drawing showing how a printing job must be imposed using a specific press and sheet size.

S

saddle stitch: To bind by stapling sheets together where they fold at the spine. Also called pamphlet stitch, saddle wire and stitch bind.

satin finish: Alternate term for dull finish on coated paper.

scanner: Device that converts an analog image, such as a photo, to a digital image.

score: To compress paper along a straight line so it folds more easily and accurately. Also called crease.

screen angles: Angles at which screens intersect with the horizontal line of the press sheet. The common screen angles for separations are black 45', magenta 75', yellow 90' and cyan 105'.

screen percentage: Alternate term for dot area.

screen font: Font produced to appear on a computer monitor.

screen printing: Method of printing by using a squeegee to force ink through an assembly of mesh fabric and a stencil.

screen ruling: Number of rows or lines of dots per inch or centimeter in a screen for making a screen tint or halftone. Also called line count, screen frequency, screen size and screen value.

screen tint: Color created by dots instead of solid ink coverage. Also called fill pattern, shading, tint and tone.

screw and post bind: To bind using a bolt that screws into a post. B~lts and matching posts are available in lengths ranging from 1/4 inch to 3 inches.

scum: Undesirable thin film of ink in nonimage areas. Scumming may appear on portions of a sheet or across the entire sheet and results from poor ink/water balance. Also called blush, catch up, haze, and toning.

selective binding: Placing signatures or inserts in magazines or catalogs according to demographic or geographic guidelines.

setoff: Undesirable transfer of wet ink from the top of one sheet to the underside of another as they lie in the delivery stack of a press. Also called offset.

shadows: Darkest areas of a photograph.

sheetfed press: Press that prints sheets of paper.

sheetwise: Technique of printing one side of a sheet with one set of plates, then the other side of the sheet with a set of different plates. Also called work and back. One-up jobs require sheetwise printing.

shingling: Allowance made to compensate for creep. Creep is the problem; shingling is the solution. Also called stair stepping and progressive margins.

short run: Relatively small quantity to print in relation to the size and speed of press used.

shrink wrap: Method of wrapping packages or products in clear plastic film then using heat to tighten the film around the item,

side stitch: To bind by stapling through sheets along one edge. Also called cleat stitch and side wire.

signature: Printed sheet folded at least once, possibly many times, to become part of a publication.

soft copylproof: Type and images viewed on a monitor.

specialty printer: Printer whose equipment, supplies, workflow and marketing is targeted to a specific category of products.

specifications: Complete and precise written description of features of a printing job. Abbreviated specs.

specular highlight: Highlight area with no printable dots, thus no detail. Also called catchlight and dropout highlight.

spiral bind: To bind using a spiral of continuous wire or plastic looped through holes. Also called coil bind.

spoilage: Paper which must be recycled due to mistakes or accidents.

spot color: Any color created by printing only one ink. Also called flat color.

spread: 1. Technique of slightly enlarging the size of an image to accomplish a trap with another image. 2. Two- page arrangement of copy. See also reader spread and printer spread.

standard viewing conditions: Background of 60 percent neutral gray and light that measures 5000 Kelvin-the color of daylight on a bright day.

step and repeat: Prepress technique of exposing an image in a precise, multiple pattern to create a flat or plate.

stochastic screen: Halftone with dots that vary in placement, not size. Also called FM screen.

strip: To assemble images on film for platemaking.

substance weight: Alternate term for basis weight, usually referring to bond papers. Also called sub weight.

subtractive color: Color produced by light reflected from a surface. Subtractive color includes hues in color photos and colors created by inks on paper.

subtractive primary colors: Yellow, magenta and cyan. In the graphic arts, these are known as process colors because, along with black, they are the ink colors used in color-process printing.

supercalendered paper: Groundwood paper calendered using alternating, chrome and fiber rollers to produce a smooth, thin sheet for magazines, catalogs, and directories.

T

tagged image file format: Computer file format used to store images from scanners and video devices. Abbreviated TIFF.

target ink densities: Densities of the four process inks as recommended for various printing processes and grades of paper.

text paper: Designation for printing papers with textured surfaces such as laid or linen. Some mills also use text to refer to any paper they consider top-of-the-line, whether or not its surface has a texture.

thermography: Method of printing using colorless resin powder that takes on the color of underlying ink. Also called raised printing.

three-quarter web: Press using rolls 22" to 27" wide to print eight-page signatures whose flat trim size is typically 17" X 22". Also called eight-page webs.

TIFF: Abbreviation for tagged image file format.

tonal range: Difference between the darkest and lightest areas of copy.

tone compression: Reduction in the tonal range from original scene to printed reproduction.

total area coverage: Total of the dot percentages of the process colors in the final film. Also called maximum density, total dot density and total ink coverage.

tracking: Adjusting space between all letters to make them fit.

trade customs: Business terms and policies codified by trade associations to provide guidelines for contracts.

trap: See ink trap and image trap.

typeface: Design identified by a name such as Hefvetica or Times.

type style: Characteristic such as bold, italic or roman.